Bladder Cancer: Review Article

Abstract

Background: The carcinoma of urothelial, or "umbrella," cells which line the bladder's lumen is known as bladder cancer (BC). According to technical definitions, urothelial carcinoma comprises cancers of bladder, upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureters), and proximal urethra. Diagnosis typically involves urine testing, cystoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment varies depending on the stage yet often involves removing the bladder (cystectomy). Chemotherapy, either without or with radiation, might decrease the tumour prior to surgery, which might facilitate the procedure. Our goal in writing this study was to provide an overview of the state of knowledge on bladder cancer, with particular attention to its epidemiology, risk factors, stage and type, diagnosis, and current treatment options. Given the rise in cancer's rates of mortality and morbidity, it is imperative to offer the best preventative measures possible, keeping in mind that changing some risk factors may be essential to lowering the incidence of this disease and good diagnostic and prognostic methods, especially molecular biomarkers, can increase treatment outcomes by allowing early detection and reducing relapse risks for BC.